Abstract of Judgement & Decision Making Topics

Reading 1. 3 (Jackall, R. (1988)) : Looking Up and Looking Around In every corporation the crux of a manager’s charisma is his decision making prowess. Though there is an abundance of scientific theories and myths related to decision making, generally decisions are made in a highly rationalized context. A manager would prefer taking decisions that are based on well-formulated and generally agreed upon strategies rather than evaluating all the possible solutions to the problem in hand and then taking a well reasoned decision. In contrast, managers are highly uncomfortable when faced with situations in which there are no specific procedures. Managers vouch for their own safety, safety in terms of reputation and therefore tend to look around and see what others opinions are, the perspective of their superiors. In situations where their reputation is at stake, or huge sums of money involved, or even the company’s goodwill is at stake managers tend to hesitate and wait for an opinion not due to lack of experience but due to fear of failure. Another aspect why managers tend to look around is the accusation or blame time after a problem occurs because there is no means to track down responsibility. As a result of bureaucratic structure higher authorities can easily sneak out of such situations leaving the subordinates hung out to dry. A negative aspect in an organization would be milking a plant which is generally performed by a top level authority in order to maximize gains. The negative aspect in this is of course the organisation bears the brunt of it, moreover at the end of it all, the person assigned the charge of the milked plant eventually becomes the scapegoat. Another aspect is that if focus remains on short term profit it may not be the key to lasting achievements though it may be profitable for a short duration. Likewise individuals look out for their own interests instead of the organisations when there are immediate personal benefits. Experience: In my experience this occasion has occurred a number of times when my manager tends to avoid the risky or rather sticky situations. As a newly appointed sales engineer in a trading firm my manager used to pass on a number of sales quotations to me for processing and finalizing the deal. Since I was fresh to the field of sales I didn’t realize that he was forwarding me these sales orders just because those orders were from clients who weren’t credible enough. Though I managed to get a couple of orders, two of the orders went kaput in terms of payment for which I was held responsible. My manager washed his hands of me accusing me with not consulting him before I plunged to seal the deal. Though on the other profitable orders he too had a take on the credit but the blame only fell on me. Reading 4. 3 (Wildavsky, A. , and Dake, K. (1990)): Theories of Risk Perception: Who Fears What and Why? This article mainly focuses on the outlook of different kinds of people, outlook such as the perception of risk of different products and practices, the diverse effect of a particular practice or event on these different groups, the intensity of the effect on these groups and the varying concerns on an individual basis to a diverse range of risks so as to understand the patterns of risk perception. Fundamentally an individual perceives a hazard as a risk with greater anxiety if his wellbeing is likely to be in danger. If the hazard doesn’t seem to affect him or his beliefs in any way it wouldn’t be of any concern to him though it might be of ample concern to someone else who will be directly affected. By classifying people on the basis of social relations such as hierarchical, egalitarian and individualist, along with the cultural biases that support them, turned out to be the best way to account for the perception of risk. It was found that people who support egalitarianism would be more inclined to risk taking individually but as a social group would be more risk averse, whereas those who favour hierarchy tend to be the opposite. An individualist would be risk taking when it comes to technology as they see an opportunity for growth. These observations were in respect to technology and environment but in terms of personality structure there is no evidence as to variation in risk perception. In spite of these observations one cannot presume that risk taking is preferred by cultures of individualism and hierarchy neither can one presume that egalitarians are always risk averse this is because as risks pertaining to technology and environment are feared by egalitarians in a similar way social deviance is feared by hierarchists and the risk of war is feared by individualists. In conclusion, depending on the object of attention risk perception also varies. Experience: During my tenure in a shipping company as a procurement executive I had once the task to procure water pump for eight ships. Since this was a high priority requirement and involved huge costs I made sure I had researched the market well and decided on a particular brand (Grundfos) even though there was another pump (Davey) that perfectly suited our requirements. The reason was that Davey’s technical support was really bad. So I forwarded the research report to my MD who called for me and told me to go ahead with the purchase of the Davey pump telling me that it was profitable and worthwhile to get our own technicians trained since we could use more of their pumps. To me it seemed like a big risk especially since it involved a huge cost but to him it didn’t seem a risk at all. Reading 6. 1 (Lindblom, C. E. (1959)): The Science of â€Å"Muddling Through† The author compares and contrasts two different approaches to policy making – Rational comprehensive method (Root) and the Successive limited comparisons (Branch) and explains why branch method is a better approach in formulating policies. The root method starts from the fundamentals, improving on the past only if included in a theory. This method cannot be used for complex problems simply because the facts needed require a gigantic compilation of observations. Whereas the branch method continually springs up from the present situation in a step by step manner, varying in small degrees and is more appropriate for complex problems because facts requirements are small and are relevant to the policy. In the root method, initially values or objectives have to be clarified before the alternative policies are examined. Disagreement is unavoidable even when objectives are clearly stated. Another difficulty is ranking of conflicting values since objectives may not have the same relative values. Whereas in the branch method values and policies are selected simultaneously and only incremental values are focussed on making it simpler. Secondly, in the root method, ends are initially chosen in a means-end relationship and means are then developed whereas in branch method means as well as ends are simultaneously chosen. Thirdly, in the root method decisions are termed â€Å"good† if an objective is achieved even when the decision hasn’t been described. In the case of branch method where the objectives are defined only by the incremental values it is still possible to determine if the policy achieved the desired objective. Again in the root method it is impossible to take all factors into consideration due to limitations unless the complex problem is simplified whereas the branch method by limiting the policy comparisons to relevant ones only differing slightly from the current policy the problem is simplified. Finally policy is made and re-made endlessly in the branch method. Nevertheless, branch method does have its disadvantages but is far superior for decision making in complex problems. Experience: In a new start up firm generally new policies are made often or even old ones are amended. During my work as a business development manager in a newly start up firm, I along with another colleague had the major task to formulate policies for my division. We decided to put together basic policies related to our past experience from similar jobs. This served as the base to us and the other employees of the division. There were revisions to these base policies only when there was a need to amend it because it wasn’t working for us or when some mishap happened and a new policy was inevitable. But the fact was that the new policies didn’t vary from the old policies in such a large manner. So it wasn’t difficult for the employees to get accustomed to the new policy. And slowly we managed to put together a solid set of policies. Reading 7. 1 (McIntyre, R. M. & Salas, E. (1995)): Measuring and Managing For Team Performance: Emerging Principles From Complex Environments The author of this chapter focuses on a fairly neglected but critical aspect namely teamwork that develops as teams mature over a period of time. The base for this research was military teams but due to the similarities between military and any organisation the findings can be extended to teams in an organisation too. The model formed for this research was The Team Evolution and Maturation (TEAM) Research Paradigm. The TEAM paradigm program observed and measured a number of tactical decision-making teams. Interviews were conducted, data instruments and self-report questionnaire were developed and employed to assist in the research. The data analysed were scanned for evidence of behavioural trends that characterized team performance and the results were presented. Teamwork is the interactive behaviour between members of a team but depending on circumstance may include technical activities. Teamwork consists of four major factors-performance monitoring, feedback, closed-loop communication, back-up behaviour and also performance norms such as team’s self awareness and supporting interdependence among team-mates. Also effective teams modify their behaviour depending on the situation and do change over a period of time. Another category that led to a better understanding of team performance was Team leadership. A team leader must be able to serve as models of teamwork in order to maintain the team’s effectiveness by engaging in teamwork and improving the team performance, being prepared technically, by listening and benefiting from the knowledge of team members, accepting and providing feedback but at the same time being cautious about his leadership style and the respect he commands. The role of each individual team member was also important in this context. Team members should be individually competent so that effective team work can take place but at the same time be aware of the tasks of his team-mate. Also, a team member must not be dependent on an outstanding team member by evading responsibility. Experience: During my career in a software company a team was formed for every project. The team was formed depending on the requirement of the particular phase of the project, budget and duration. The team members were selected based on their experience. Meetings were conducted with the project managers on an individual basis as well as a team. New ideas as well as difficulties faced by each team member were noted. Another method employed by the company was the team appraisal form in which team members rated their team mates in different tasks. At the completion of the project too a review of the performance of the team as well as the project manager was conducted. For the next project the outcomes of these reviews were specially taken into consideration to form another team. What I observed was as a team our performance improved and tasks were completed with less difficulty among team members. Reading 5. 3 (Parkin (2000)): Expert Judgment This reading discusses about how the conceptualization of information can help in retaining information for longer periods of time and achieving expertise. It also classifies the characteristics of an expert and finally whether experts are better judges in their own domain. The short term memory in human beings can only absorb and process few chunks of memory and that too for a short period of time whereas to remember data for a longer period it is necessary to put them in long term memory. Some recent findings have shown that in order to support the short-term memory, experts developed their long term memory thereby overcoming the limited capacity of the short term memory. But again the storage capacity isn’t what makes a difference between a novice and an expert. It is the ability of an expert to visualize and analyse as well as reason the patterns and data in such a way that it provides room for more planning that differentiates him from an amateur. In order to have this ability of an expert, practice seems to be the only solution. Again being an expert in problem solving in a particular domain is not the only skill required by an expert but good planning skill too is critical. By deciding on the right methods and goals based on past experiences experts are more successful in predicting likely outcomes. Thus in order to facilitate quick retrieval of information from the long term memory it is necessary to conceptualize the largely disaggregated data that one acquires during education and training. Through a continuous series of trial, error and reliable feedback, information gets stored in memory and readily available. But in spite of these characteristics experts may not be better judges also in their own domains. An expert’s decision would differ from another one based on his knowledge and experience. But again agreement cannot be the only criteria to judge an expert. Experience: During my career as a computer engineer I had done multiple projects. But I remember one of the projects in the early days of my career which was a fairly complex one. It was a complex one only because in spite of learning that programming language in my undergraduate course and also having been rained for it in the company I had to struggle through the coding because I hadn’t practised it actually. But the irony was that the project manager was quite an expert at it and had an extensive knowledge in that programming language despite the fact that this language came into actual practice long after his graduation. I later came to know that he had successfully completed a number of projects using this program ming language. Thus practice and definitely the multiple projects he executed got him to this level of expertise. Reference 1. UTS November 2002, ‘Judgment and Decision making’, CN2118 Lectures & Reading Material.

Four Views to The College Conspiracy Essay

In May of 2011 a video by the National Inflation Association (N.I.A) surfaced on YouTube gathering over two million views and opening the eyes of people to the American college system. According to the producers of this video, â€Å"College is the largest scam in US history!† Is college a worth-while investment? Is it just a way for the government to stimulate the economy? Are college degrees really a necessity in performing on the job? All of these questions have been asked and answered with both yes and no. Four writers with different views on this matter have written up articles concerning this issue. While reading through the articles one will notice that the views for each author are backed up by examples and statistics but differ in viewpoints, resulting taking different sides to this topic. In the first article, by The Christian Science Monitor, examples of successful entrepreneurs without degrees like Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Peter Thiel of Paypal were given to the audience. The writer then expresses his belief that not everyone is cut out for college, some would be better suited to vocational training, but the United States needs more well-educated people to compete in the world economy. Statistics on how college degree recipients have a decreased likelihood of unemployment and receive increased wages on average are then given. The next article, from the New York Times, opens up by revisiting America’s past decision to make high school open to the public and how education has benefitted the United States. The writer makes a comparison between the current situation of the importance of higher education to the America’s past decision. Studies stated that prove a bachelor’s degree is an asset even for those whose jobs do not require any degree. He states that, beyond the monetary value of a degree, education seems to make people happier and healthier. Quoting M.I.T economist, David Autor, writer states his opinion on how not sending a child to college would be a disaster. Different statistical evidence were then used. Once financial aid was taken into account, the average net tuition of public four-year college were approximately $2000, a lot less than what most people presume the cost to be. A recipient of a college degree makes 83 percent more than those with only a high-school diploma. Citing the Hamilton Project, a research group in Washington, an investment in a college degree has a 15 percent annual return, 8 percent more than stock investment, and 14 percent more than in real estate. On the other hand, article three, by John Stossel disagrees with the potency of a college education in the working world. He starts the article with examples of successful non-degree holders, Michael Dell, Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, Mark Cuban, Richard Branson, Simon Cowell and Peter Jennings. Stossel then shares his opinion that for many people, college is a scam. He then states the opinions of his Fox Televison partner Richard Vedder. Sharing similar view points, Vedder reasons out that students who do well in college often did well in high school, even though most students, even those who did poorly in high school, are pushed into college. He then asks as to why colleges accept the lower-tier of students and answers that question by stating that government loans ensure students are able to pay for college, even at the risk of long term debt, which fuels the academia. Giving out some statistics to back up the claim, Stossels points out the high percentages of baggage porters, bellhops and taxi and limo drivers have a college degree that they did not require to obtain their current jobs. The last article comes from Marty Nemko, a career counselor. She gives her personal experiences during her job when students are disturbed by the amount of money they have already spent on their education but still lack the units to complete their degree program. She then gives out the statistic that among college freshman who graduated in the bottom 40 percent of their high school, 76 percent won’t earn a diploma even if given 8  ½ years. Yet colleges admit these students and take their money. 23 percent of the students themselves are unprepared for college and students learn less in college than what is led on to believe, only having 16.4 percent of students satisfied with the instruction given to them. These four sources gave their own personal opinions and back them up with sufficient evidence in the form of examples, testimonies, and statistics. The Christian Science Monitor takes into account, not only each individuals need for a college degree, but also the country’s need for college graduates to compete in the world market. The New York Times’ article takes finances into account giving reasons to why college degrees are actually affordable, with the proper financial aid, and how they pay off once they’re put to good use. John Stossel takes his views the college system as a for profit organization, where, although some are able to use their education in the working world, many don’t and the college system takes advantage of the mass of hopefuls who try to better their lives, successful or not. Marty Nemko draws from her own personal experiences as a career counselor dealing with college students and their problems in taking the college route. What the discussion comes down to is how are the four authors interpreting the data they are given and how do their own viewpoints make them subjective to the matter. One side believes that a college education is a worth-while investment while the other believes that it is just a waste of time and money. Works Cited â€Å"America’s Most Overrated Product: Higher Education.† What Colleges Must Do: What Parents Must Do. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The College Scam.† Fox News. FOX News Network, 06 July 2011. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Is College a Scam?† The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 15 Sept. 2011. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. Leonhardt, David. â€Å"ECONOMIC SCENE; Even for Cashiers, College Pays Off.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 June 2011. Web. 26 Jan. 2013.

Education Philosophy Essay - 1069 Words

Education Philosophy My life has been influenced greatly by teachers. Since I was a child, teaching is all I wanted to do. My mother is a fifth grade teacher. I have quite a few friends that are teachers. I have been fortunate to be influenced by some great teachers throughout my academic career. I love to be around kids and I like participating in the process of learning. I appreciate learning even today. I enjoy the learning process and hope to one day influence students in the future. I hope to one day become a high school social studies teacher. I enjoy history and geography, and I especially love politics and discussing current events. I like class discussions and letting different opinions express themselves.†¦show more content†¦I do agree that students must be taught to appreciate learning primarily for its own sake rather than because it will help them in their careers. I agree that schools must place more emphasis on teaching about the concerns of minorities and women. I agr ee to reward students well for learning and they will remember and be able to apply what they learned, even if they were not led to understand why the information is worth knowing. I agree that schools must provide students with a firm grasp of basic facts regarding the books, people, and events that have shaped the nation’s heritage. I agree that teachers must stress for students the relevance of what they is learning to their lives outside, as well as inside, the classroom. I agree that students should not be promoted from one grade to the next until they have read and mastered certain key material. I agree that teaching strategies involve computer Simulation, role-playing, cooperative learning, internship, and work-study experiences. I agree academic rigor is an essential component of education. I agree that teachers must be willing to engage in ongoing renewal of their personal and professional lives. I agree that frequent objective testing is the best way to determine wh at students know. I would also agree that learning is more effective when students are given frequent tests to determine what they have leaned. I do not agree that the curriculum of the schools should focus on the great thinkers of theShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy : Philosophy Of Education1328 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Education Jihyae Choe Liberty University TESL 419 â€Æ' Philosophy of Education A good educator decides the direction of teaching based on a resolute educational philosophy. A firm and resolute philosophy does not equate with a fixed perspective, instead it is a strong foundation that can stabilize the life long educational career. In order to establish a firm philosophical basis, passion toward education should accompany proper understanding. Successful educators who establishedRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Education1866 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy of Education An educational philosophy gives teachers and all educators’ ways to use problem solving in schools. For a lot of practitioners, actual teaching has been reduced to action lacking of a rationale or justification. According to Alan Sadovick, the author of our textbook, a philosophy of education is â€Å"firmly rooted in practice, whereas philosophy, as a discipline, stands on its own with no specific end in mind† (Sadovnik, 2013, pg. 179). All teachers and prospective teachers haveRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1175 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs is called a philosophy of education. â€Å"A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher s role, and what should be taught and by what methods† (Philosophy of Education). Educational philosophies differ among all individuals in education. With individual educators, some choose a teacher-centered philosophy and others choose a student-centered philosop hy. It appears that both realms of philosophy play an important role in education inside the typicalRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe philosophy of education seeks to study the process and discipline of education in order to understand how it works, improve its methods and perfect its purposes in today’s society. How this is done is determined by how well the learner internalizes the concepts of the discipline taught by the educator. Educators have a tremendous responsibility not only to prepare students for their lives ahead, but also to contribute to the evolution of knowledge for future generations. Each generation notRead MorePhilosophy Of Education And Education928 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Education I believe philosophy of education is defined with learning in many ways. In order to reach a certain level of learning there’s recourse along the way that defines the person and goal. John Dewey said â€Å"educational philosophy centers pragmatism and the method of learning by doing.† Purpose of Schooling A hundred years ago the definition and purpose of schooling changed tremendously. There was a point in time where education was very mediocre and a diploma was not requiredRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy Of Education880 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Education Philosophy test that we took in class, my education philosophy matched with social reconstruction. Social Reconstructionist believes that systems must keep changing to improve human conditions. Also, emphasizes social questions and to create a better society. Social reconstructionist believe that you have to start over to make things better. While going through the PowerPoint that explained what social reconstitution is, in a deeper way, I came to the conclusion that socialRead MoreMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words   |  4 PagesIn mathematics, as in life, everything must be brought to the simplest of terms. I base my teaching philosophy on the foundation that every student is capable of learning m athematics. I will strive, as a teacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. I believe to the contrary, all students with motivation, sustainedRead More Education Philosophy Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesEducational Philosophy I have an eclectic philosophy of education that I derived from a wide range of pre-existing philosophies. I identify most with the philosophies of essentialism and perennialism. In my opinion, students should have a strong foundation in the core curriculum areas of English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Science. After all, house built on a weak foundation will not stand. I also prefer the perennialist’s approach of studying the classics like Homer, ShakespeareRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Education And Education Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe philosophy of education is not a topic that can be fully taught and understood by reading and studying a textbook, or a few textbooks for that matter. I believe that the philosophy of education is somewhat subjective, rather than objective, and that there exists numerous answers to what is the â€Å"philosophy of education†. I feel that one’s answers can not be expressed with a single word nor a sentence; and that one has to â€Å"experience† rather than just read to find the answer. Yes, a huge part ofRead MorePhilosophy : The Liberalistic Philosophy Of Education807 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education 2 Perspective: The Liberalistic Philosophy of Education The empowerment of individuals within a community appeared to be nonexistent in Greek philosopher Plato s, Allegory of the Cave. Preferentially, it was simply not within the range of one s knowledge, experience, or understanding; strange; therefore, unfamiliar. Greek philosopher Plato, an astute student of Socrates, his focal point - an advocate

Why Do Students Cheat - 1065 Words

Why do students cheat? It is a rare individual who actively chooses to be dishonest. But why do a few students make compromising choices? What can lead people to act in ways that they aren t proud of? Below are some underlying beliefs and confusions which students at Carnegie Mellon give as explanations for slipping standards of integrity. A Victimless Crime? Students generally are familiar with the disciplinary actions and penalties for getting caught. However, they may fail to understand that one of the personal consequences of cheating and/or plagiarism is that they aren t actually learning or practicing the material. They may not realize that they will actually need and be accountable for certain knowledge and skills.†¦show more content†¦Even if specific instructions are given for students not to access past materials, students report that past materials are very easy to come by and often too alluring to pass up. Do We Have to Spell Everything Out? Students recognize the obvious examples of academic dishonesty such as copying during an exam or quoting extensively without a citation. They can be much less clear on how much collaboration is allowed, what kind of paraphrasing is appropriate to summarize a source or whether one assignment can be turned in for two different classes. If students are not accustomed to thinking about the ownership of ideas, they tend to underreport their sources. Instructors often state their expectations for tests and about quoting, footnoting, and paraphrasing in papers and they outline the consequences of being dishonest. However, they may not state precisely what they consider to be appropriate collaboration (if any) and what they recommend as guidelines for teamwork. Playing the Odds Students sometimes feel that receiving a zero for an exam or a paper is a justified penalty for cheating, but they may also convince themselves that they won t get caught. And they can be reinforced in this thinking if grading procedures aren t planned carefully or if instructors don t follow up on suspicious incidents.Show MoreRelatedWhy Do Students Cheat ?997 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"It is not a question of who cheats, it is a question of who cheats the most†. If everybody does it then why does it matter if you cheat every once in a while to get by. If students successfully pull it off then they easily slip by on a test or homework assignment without having to do anything, giving them more time to do leisurely activities. The reason some students cheat is deeper than that most of the time, with college requirements becoming higher, students struggle to reach those requirementsRead MoreWhy Do College Students Cheat?1832 Words   |  8 PagesMarch 2008 Why Do College Students Cheat? Cheating among students in college has worsened over the years and not much is being done to stop it. Where is the line drawn when it comes to cheating in the classroom? And why do kids do it? In today’s world people are growing lazier and always looking for ways to do less work and a lot of that has to do with improved technology. Improved technology has also made cheating easier. Students can send each other e-mail’s back andRead MoreWhy Students Cheat : Cheating1469 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Students Cheat Cheating by students no matter their grade level has been a prevalent problem among schools for several years. One discouraging fact for academic institutions is that cheating has only gotten worse not better. Cheating can be carried out in a plethora of ways, such as copying off of other students during a test, copying another students homework, using a cell phone to either text answers or look them up, using crib notes or even copy and pasting whole written works and tryingRead MoreWhy Should Students From A Respected University Cheat?1014 Words   |  5 Pagesalways wonder why. Why would students from a respected university cheat? Who should we put the blame on? A lot of people are quick to assume that it is the student s personal morals, which causes them to cheat. I realized why a lot of student’s cheat, and how certain articles that I read, proposed we fix the cheating issue. The main goal is to prevent future cheating, and you start preventing cheating by looking at w hat the source of that cheating is. In the articles, â€Å"Harvard Students in CheatingRead MoreStudent Cheating And Its Effects On Society1138 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Cheating Academic dishonesty is a common concept that occurs in multiple institutions across the United States. A student who engages in academic dishonestly simply cheats on material but cheats by primarily plagiarizing their work. The bulk of students who cheat simply cheat by using technology. As technology advances, student cheating advances. Students are fixated with technology and technology, is a vast reason why cheating has became effortless to accomplish. However, that does not triggerRead MoreCheating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work while taking time to attend school classes or, maybe they are just lazy enough to study ahead of examination date. There are a lot of reasons why cheating on col lege exams happens and along with it, there are numerous effects outRead MoreThe Ethical Journey Of Views Of College Students891 Words   |  4 PagesMany students leave for college and are excited to begin a new journey or chapter in their life. Many had a long road to make it through high school while some found it easy. This paper will be discussing the Ethical journey of views of college students. What make some cheat while other are honest and how is cheating or academic dishonesty viewed by the American people. What are ethics and how they do apply to the college student, and how does the college student s apply it to the world. EthicsRead MoreIs Cheating At School Getting Out Of Control?872 Words   |  4 PagesControl? The clock is ticking at 1:00am and Joe is sitting in front of his computer trying to study for his Math test. â€Å"The test will be tomorrow at 7am. I don t understand any of this. I can’t even remember the formulas. What should I do?† Joe thought. But, why is he doing this at the last minute? Was it because of the addicting game â€Å"Battle Front† that he could not get enough of? Or, was it maybe because his girlfriend wanted to hangout yesterday? No matter how much he tried to makeup excusesRead MoreShould Cheating Be Academic Dishonesty? Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesconsequences yet many students continue to cheat. I do not find it surprising that students cheat in college or university. McCabe, Trevino Butterfield (2001) offer many explanations as in why students commit academic dishonesty, such as peer influences. Although the findings of this study still can be applied today I argue a new study should consider the use of technology in regards to a cademic dishonesty. With the rise of technology, it has become much easier for students to cheat on exams and papersRead MoreThe Effects Of Academic Cheating On Students888 Words   |  4 PagesResearch conducted shows that 95 percent of high school students admit to having cheated at some point in their education and about half of all college students have admitted to plagiarizing. Academic cheating has become a norm for many students during their years in school, whether it is in middle or high school. The question now becomes why kids in this generation cheat, do they cheat because they re just that lazy to do work or just don t understand what s going on in class and are too scared

Morality Of Terrorism And Terrorism - 1669 Words

Morality of terrorism The modern-days terrorist sees himself as being engaged in a just war, where they believe that such act of vile impunity are just and noble. Any act of terrorism could considered absolved from of point view of freedom. So the use of excessive violence in such acts could be subject to moral analysis. The causes of terrorism, although social and political, have intensely moral elements. In our point of view, existing moral theories are not particularly helpful in solving the morality of terrorism. The principle of utility could give us an idea how moral principles match the concept of terrorism. We ought to predict outcomes in advance as well. Deontology also may provide such resolution of conflicts among two or more moral persons who disagree with it. Finally, the virtue theory may provide sufficient and clear action guides. Our solution therefore if shares the straights of each of the three principal theories: objective consequences, international rules, actor and actions. Becaus e culture brings us together, but it also separates us, internationalization plays an essential role to address problems related to terrorism. So let’s examine this problem from the foundations of the theories mentioned above. The Principle of Utility Jeremy Benthan points out, â€Å"the utilitarianism has a consequentialist structure in that the rightness of an action depends upon the net value of the consequences associated with that action† (pp 109 Timmons). In moral theoryShow MoreRelated Terrorism and Morality Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism and Morality      Ã‚   In the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks of 2001 and the U.S. military action in Afghanistan, moral questions have arisen. This essay will consider such questions.    Many Church leaders and leading thinkers in the United States have strongly defended the U.S. use of military force in the wake of Sept. 11. Yet outside the States the talk is less about just-war and more about economic and social inequalities. The first and overriding inequality Americans face atRead MoreTerrorism : A Controversial Issue Of Morality1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of how to deal with terrorism is often very controversial in terms of morality. In particular, the topic of torturing suspected terrorist often leads our nation in a huge debate. There are some discrepancies on what we define torture as and if it is morally right to use torture on suspects. To see if the U.S. should forbid torture even against terrorist the definition of torture, the U.N decision, act utilitarianism, and the effectiveness of torture must be considered. To see if the USRead MoreThe Morality Of Torture On The Middle East Today And The War On Terrorism2356 Words   |  10 PagesMorality of Torture. With the issues going on in the Middle East today and the war on terrorism, the use of torture including murder, is a very widespread and controversial issue. Torture is viewed as morally wrong; therefore it is also legally wrong as well, not just on the home front but internationally as well (Is Torture Ever Justified). However, torture is sometimes not only right, but is needed for a greater good. With the case of torture you may not be able to see whether it is clearly wrongRead MoreTerrorism Is A Huge Problem901 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism is a huge problem affecting the American public in many ways. There have been 76 cases involving radical islamic terror attacks targeting the United States since the attacks of 9/11. (Mueller) The first issue with Terrorism is laws are not strict enough to deter terrorist from attacking. 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Along this paper, I demonstrate that torture is not the right solution to respond to terrorism, whereas surveillance mig ht be a better and acceptable proposal. Several scholars and politicians have either widely sustained or contested both issues. In my opinion, torture does not ensure success in fighting terrorism while it inflicts unbearable sufferance. I provide six arguments to demonstrateRead More Fighting the War on Terrorism Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesre-assert itself as the avenger of justice and defender of liberty. As the trailblazer, the United States has earned the right and privilege to set the precedents in this unconventional war against terror. The ambiguity surrounding the issue of terrorism has been in large part responsible for the failure of past attempts at international cooperation on this matter. It is time to pursue alternative methodology. 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Advertising business aspects Essay Example For Students

Advertising business aspects Essay Advertising business aspectsAdvertising business aspects? Not in this world. How can advertising be ethical when we live in a society that says sex sells? The less you have on the better the ad is. Then we also live in a time that still portrays most minorities in stereotypical roles. Most minorities are still seen as second-class citizens in some advertisements. I think until advertisements depict women and minorities in a better way, advertising will never be ethical. Women are seen as insurance to an advertiser to sell their product. Many advertisements that are targeted to men use partial or complete female nudity, sexual suggestiveness, and innuendo (Sex stereotyping in advertising 103). In other words these ads imply that the female in the advertisement is the man reward for him buying the product. For example there is a corona (beer) commercial out now. The first thing you see in the commercial is two women walking on a beach in tiny bikinis. Then after that you see a couple holding hands finally the corona bottle appears. Women are not only used for men advertising, female models that are half naked are used to sell women products also. Victoria Secrets commercials and ads would fall under this category. Although the product is clearly for women, according to Berger the advertiser is still trying to draw a male audience. Advertisers believe that men and women prefer to see female bodies in advertisement. Public Service Announcement is usually thought of as informative. Public service announcements are ad that tries to bring awareness about certain issues such as cigarettes. But there are some public service announcements that can send mixed messages out to the public. In one public service announcement there is an ad with this tall, thin and attractive women. In the poster she is smoking a cigarette, but she also have one of her hand on her butt and the other right under her breast. Then under the picture in bold letters it states, AN UGLY BUTT CAN RUIN A GREAT BODY. The word butt could mean to different things in this sentence. So what was meant to be a health issue has just changed to a health or sex issue. The cigarette looks as if it is adding to her sexual appeal instead of demeaning it. Now the message that cigarettes are harmful to body has gotten lost. Advertising cannot be ethical when we are not sure about the message of a cigarette public service announcement. Going back to that same ad, look at the female who was chosen to do it. She is tall, thin, and attractive. Why didnt the advertiser go for a more full figured woman?Women as represented in popular culture have gotten thinner and thinner. Wolfe (1991) noted that the weight of fashion models went down 23% that of ordinary women. The average American womans dress size is sixteen and the average age is not eighteen (Anne Telford, sexism in advertising 23). But if you were ever looking through a fashion magazine you would find that hard to believe. A national health study found that out of 2,379 9-year-old and 10-year-old girls (approximately half white and half African American), 40% of them reported that they were trying to lose weight. Out of the 101 million women in the U.S., 70.3% of those working are between the ages of 25-64. In August 1996, the London office of Grey Advertising conducted a survey of women between the ages of 15 and 45. According to this survey, feeling happy to be themselves despite shape or size is important to more women (56%) than feeling attractive (40%). 90% of the women say they would be interested in advertising that shows real women, no t actresses or models. Over 70% say they would be interested in seeing ads showing interesting and attractive women who are also over 30 years old. A study published a year earlier by Grey Advertising New York location, said 82% of women wish advertisers would recognize they dont want to look eighteen forever. Minorities in advertising and media as a whole still have a long way to go before it is ethical. Sometimes if an advertisement is not clear it can take on more than one meaning. So advertisers should be more careful in the way they delivery a message to the public. There was a public service announcement that was out in the mid nineties. The public service announcement was a campaign against the drug crack. The advertisers decided to keep the ad simple. He put three people face on a white back round, then gave a summary of each one life with drug use involvement and without drug use involvement. Out of the three faces chosen two were black men. The pictures remind you of a pho to I.D. or a mug shot The first thing one would wonder is why the advertiser went with two black men. But once you move pass that there is still a problem with the ad, both of the black men fit stereotypical images. The first picture of the first black man has a face shot of him. Beside the face shot it states that Michael /junior varsity/ varsity/ honorable mention/ all city/ all state/ high school all-American/ scholarship UCLA. Then the other side describes Michael life as a crack user, it states Michael/ junior varsity/ crack user/ pick up ball In the first picture Michael does go much farther in life without the use of crack, but look how he got there. The achievements in his life came from sports, reading the summary one can conclude that everything in his life is sport related. This is one type of stereotypical thinking towards black mean that is often used in the advertising. The ad focuses more on Michael physical ability than his intellectual abilities. His went to college because he was an athlete. Words/ Pages : 1,067 / 24

Starbucks Structure

Considering that employees working with Starbucks form the vital core of the company’s success in terms of selling the company’s image to the general public and performing the day-to-day operations, there is the need for the company to hire people who can maintain positive interactions with customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks’ Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be achieved through a rigorous process entailing job analysis, job specification, and job description by the human resource department. For instance, for Baristas (bar persons), the following should form part of their job specifications and descriptions: Job Specifications; Candidates eligible for the position of baristas will possess the following skills, knowledge, and abilities; Knowledge of different brands of coffee, Be eager to learn new concepts, Ability to learn the art of coffee brewing, Be s elf-motivated, creative, adaptable, team-players, and passionate, and Ability to maintain a large array of regular customers Job Descriptions: Baristas will be charged with the following duties and responsibilities; Brewing and serving coffee to the customers in real-time, Receiving and responding to customer needs/orders quickly, Reporting to their immediate supervisors on issues regarding customer complaints and preferences, and Helping in designing strategies to address customer issues particularly complaints and customer preferences. In a functional organization, work should be delegated to different departments in order to reduce confusion and ensure that work efficiency is maintained. This forms the essence of organizational departmentalization. Therefore, the most appropriate form of departmentalization suitable for Starbucks is product-service departmentalization. Under this form of sub-dividing work into respective departments, different products or services are assigned to specific departments and personnel. As a result, products or services with unique demands and customer preferences are given the maximum attention (Robins Coulter, 1999). Product-service departmentalization is very important for Starbucks considering the range of products the company offers including different brands of coffees such as coffee mocha, espresso, and cappuccino among others. The wide product range is coupled with unique customer services such as interior designs, which encourage different customer behaviors and conduct (Reilly, Minnick, Baack, 2011). Besides, Starbucks’ cafes are located in different areas, and thus it is difficult to adopt other forms of departmentalization. Hence, in order for the products and services offered by Starbucks to grow and prosper relative to customer needs and preferences, there is the need to give more attention to each product or service independently.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As for stores offering food products and lunch, it is imperative for such stores to adopt the same form of departmentalization. As noted in the above discussions, unique products and services require more attention in order to maintain growth and prosperity among customers. It is also to be expected that stores offering food products and lunch have a variety of products and services some of which are universal while others are unique in many aspects. Therefore, it is important to organize such stores into product-specific departments to ensure timely response to customer needs and preferences (Robins Coulter, 1999). From the look of things, it is apparent that Starbucks’ Howard Schultz has been practicing a centralized or bureaucratic system of organizational management. With the vast number of Starbucks’ coffee joints, it is no doubt that a bureaucratic organization will face many challenges. The s ituation can also worsen when a manager/CEO concentrates on business expansion while overlooking other market dynamics such as business competition. Therefore, when an organization begins to experience financial problems of the kind experienced by Starbucks, it is important for the top management to encourage decentralization of power and decision-making processes within the organization. The beauty of such a system is that the top management makes enough time to concentrate on formulating strategies while delegating the day-to-day operations and other decision-making responsibilities to their juniors (Robins Coulter, 1999). Accordingly, with decentralization, there is rapid responsiveness to customer needs and preferences, employee motivation, and cultivation of new businesses processes. As noted earlier, Starbucks can be regarded to as a bureaucratic organization in which business processes, techniques, and regulations are systematically defined and handed down the management lin e.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks’ Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, due to the inherent disadvantages associated with such an organizational structure, there is the need for Starbucks to modify its organization to include flat structures, downsizing, and outsourcing. By reducing the number of layers through which information travels from the baristas to the CEO, workers are given the opportunity to report directly to the top management. This is the essence of flat organizational structures. Coupled with downsizing which in essence refers to cutting down on low-value activities, a flat structure will enable Starbucks’ top management to respond to customer needs and preferences by getting first-hand information from its personnel on the ground (Robins Coulter, 1999). Furthermore, considering that Starbucks has embarked on increased business expansion over the years, the re is the need to outsource the services of other organizations to try and reduce the number of its operational assets and employees if necessary. The idea behind outsourcing is that the company will be able to identify certain tasks where its employees and business processes perform best and maintain them while delegating other tasks to organizations with the relevant expertise and personnel. For instance, Starbucks can adopt ‘home-shoring’ whereby workers are encouraged to help with customer service from the comfort of their homes. Overall, Starbucks stands a better chance of getting back to its previous status through initiating the right business strategies and processes. References Reilly, M., Minnick, C., Baack, D. (2011). The five functions of effective management. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. Robins, S.P., Coulter, M. (1999). Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. This essay on Starbucks’ Structure was written and submitted by user Joey K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Starbucks' Structure Starbucks is an American company that started in 1971 in Seattle, America. The company started with roasting and retailing both whole bean and ground coffee. As well, the company sold tea and spices starting with one outlet at Pike Place Market. As of now, Starbucks sells to several million customers daily over an expanded geographical region. Starbucks also sells other goods and services far from what it started with.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Starbucks’ Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistically, Starbucks has over 18,000 retail outlets spread in over sixteen countries. The company operates in Europe, the United States, South America, Asia, some parts of Africa and North America. With its mission â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time†, the company continues to provide high quality products to its customers. It buys coffee from countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and roasts it at its own facilities (Morris 2006).  The company offers a number of products to its customer base throughout the world, which includes different blends of coffee, handcrafted beverages, merchandises such as mugs, brewing equipment, gift items, and music. As well, the company offers fresh food, consumer products such as coffee and tea, Ready-to-Drink drinks, and ice cream. The company continues to sustain a responsibility policy through its three pillars of responsibility, which are ethical sourcing, environmental stewardship, and community involvement. Concerning ethical sourcing, the company supports its farmers through loans and supporting forestry programs. The company also commits to conserving the environment with the use of recyclable materials for making cups. Starbucks has invested in research with the view to making all its cups reusable by 2015. The company also supports community service projects ( Morris 2006).  A job description is an outline of the expected functions, roles, and responsibilities of a candidate during a recruitment process. Both the job description and the job requirements are specific to the open position. One of the most important job positions at Starbucks is that of a barperson. The barperson is the â€Å"face† of Starbucks since she is the person who deals with customers first hand. The barperson receives and helps customers to their seats and proceeds to take orders. Another important function of a barperson at Starbucks is recording the transactions and maintaining such records in a proper form for purposes of bookkeeping. A job description is a summary of the roles and functions that an employee serves in an organization. As well, a job description lists out the requirements of the job (Morris 2006).  The barperson reports to the cafà © manager and is responsible for providing superior and customer friendly service to customers.Advertisin g Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the duties and responsibilities of a barperson, include taking customers’ orders and fulfilling them, recording all cash and credit transactions while maintaining the balances, reporting to duty for the allocated shifts, and displaying new information concerning Starbucks’ services for the customers’ attention. As well, the barperson coordinates with the other employees of the company whereas attending all trainings and seminars offered by the company. Importantly, the barperson should diligently follow all instructions and orders from the cafà © manger. In order to qualify for this position, a candidate should have cleared high school and should hold over one year experience in a similar environment. In addition to these requirements, the person should have the following person specifications: be passionate about coffe e and customer service, and as well be energetic, detail oriented, and enjoy working with people (Reilly, Minnick Baack 2011).  Starbucks should choose a geographic departmentalization whereby it categorizes departments according to geographical locations. With this kind of departmentalization, a number of retail outlets make up a district. A district manager who reports to the head office in Seattle heads this district. This way, the company is able to maintain its high standards of quality and as well promote its mission and growth statement. The company should maintain its cafà © concept where customers can relax over a cup of coffee whereas finishing on their undone work, as well as send emails and listen to music from the comfort of a restaurant. However, the company should streamline its operations with a view to cutting down costs if it is to maintain a competitive edge over its competitors. The management should handle the different geographic departments differently, wi th regard to cultural and economic backgrounds of the areas the company is in operation. Ideally, the central management at Seattle should encourage the individual geographical departments to carry out research concerning the dynamics of their operating environments. This should be with a view to identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for growth for each operating environment (Reilly, Minnick Baack 2011).  In the event that the company experiences financial problems, the company should adopt a twofold strategy in terms of decision-making and the exercise of power. The company should both apply decentralization and centralization of power appropriate to individual cases. First, the head office must ensure that every geographic department meets its strict and ambitious goals and objectives. All geographical departments should adhere to the financial and operational directives of the corporate office. As well, they must maintain quality at an all time high. The cor porate office should see to it that all retail outlets follow its directives and operational procedures.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Starbucks’ Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, each geographic department must be responsible for its own success. Every department should align its marketing objectives to the specific geographical consumer demands but within the wider view of the Starbucks’ corporate brand image. The geographic department must understand the unique customer characteristic specific to the region, and align its strategies towards meeting and sustaining the demands of its customers. This way all the geographical regions remain attached to the headquarters and conform to the company’s corporate standards (Reilly, Minnick Baack 2011).  In order to increase efficiency and reduce costs, the company should automate its service line. The company s hould automate its service delivery activities in order to save on costs whereas reducing the service time for its customers. Currently, Starbucks is operating at high costs causing it to charge more for its services. By mechanizing and automating the whole value chain process, Starbuck will have a competitive advantage over its competitors since it will be able to charge less. This way, the company will be able to increase and sustain its market share and in which way operate profitably. The company should also standardize its norms so that every employee of the company is able to follow and individually drive the company’s corporate objectives. The head office should devise standardized training programs for all employees of the company. In order to achieve this, a team of experts from the headquarters should drive these training programs (Reilly, Minnick Baack 2011). References Morris, T. (2006, September 1) Understanding Starbucks. Coriolis Research. Web. Reilly, M., Min nick, C., Baack, D. (2011). The Five Functions of Effective  Management. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc. This case study on Starbucks’ Structure was written and submitted by user Rivka Moreno to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.